Shared News Feed

Saturday, October 31, 2009

South Africa: Is democracy disappearing?

It doesn't take a subtle eye to see that democracy is slowing being dissolved in this country. One thinks to the analogy of the frog that is thrown into hot water and immediately jumps out. However, if he is put in cold water and slowly heated, he will sit there and eventually boil to death. An objective external observer would easily be able to spot the slow but steady corrosion of South African society at the hands of the powers that drive it.

The problem stems from the total lack of accountability present in our society. Democracy is not merely a government of elected officials who represent a country's populace. It is a government that is fully and constantly accountable to the people, a government that permanently has to validate their position and prove that they deserve to hold the power that commands so many lives.

So how does accountability get lost?
All that is necessary for this to happen is for the leader to declare that criticism is unwarranted, or for the leader to establish a power base that makes accountability meaningless even if it is present. In South Africa, both are widely present.

South Africa's democracy stems from a fierce desire to eradicate the evil of racism and give governance to the majority who were oppressed by the minority. This creates the silent rule that if you criticise the new government, you are not supportive of the new good in the country, and by default are evil. This unpleasant association is the initial loophole which provided an almost free reign on the country for over a decade, and silenced all critics.

Like all tyrants, they declare that if you are not one of us, you are one of them - thus creating a polarized two-world view of the state of things. What they conveniently forgot was that criticism is one of the most essential pillars that support a democracy. It regulates corruption, excess and deficiencies and provides a true voice to everyone. With relative ease, the ANC made criticism undesirable, and the hallmark of a racist or supporter of the previous regime, and thus they ran and continue to run, unchecked.

Julius Malema applies the same tactic; a tactic used by tyrants from as far back as can be remembered. He makes statements which openly state that people who are not on his side are enemies of the State. Those who do not support Zuma should be killed. Blacks who are not in the ANC are not blacks. Once again he works on the fear in people's minds that they will be categorised as the unhelpful, evil opposition because according to him, you are either one of us, or one of them. The idea that debate can occur between people and contain disagreements and agreements not contained by party banners is utterly incomprehensible to him.

The end result is the silence of criticism. This has led to the degradation of every facet of our society, which is grossly mismanaged, either by incompetence or corruption to the point that all departments without exception are bordering on collapse. Almost every sector of the country has been on strike this year, and riots due to poor service delivery are higher than they have ever been.

Corruption levels are amongst the highest in the world, once again due to the lack of accountability. Politicians, the least accountable of all, openly lead extravagant lifestyles and spent enormous amounts of public money on private luxuries. Very few people ever see justice for these crimes, and this further reinforces the untouchable culture already infecting our society.

Danger signs abound in our country - subtle changes by the ruling party that undermine the most basic principles of democracy. The precept that an opposing thought is the characteristic of an enemy is one of the most offensive scenarios in an established democracy, but is commonplace here. Without accountability, and with a greater chasm between leaders and the regulation of their power, the next logical step is the subversion of the Constitution, and then its annihilation.

Famous tyrants ruthlessly enslave their countries by performing all of this in a short period of time, and the world gasps and remembers them with scorn. It is, however, the devious tyrant that slowly alters, slowly subverts and slowly corrupts. That way instead of a great chorus of protest that would blast them away, they are left with a multitude of whispers and very little protest. We are frogs sitting in water... the question is, how hot is the water? - Mark (News24)

Security man secures his own future - in Ireland

Every expat can relate to this story.

Gerhard Brand now lives quietly in west Clare after having spent most of his career working in prisons in South Africa, including Robben Island, where Nelson Mandela was famously incarcerated.

A former soldier and warden, he was the last governor of the Robben Island prison and helped oversee its transformation to the museum it now is. Since then he has run a restaurant with his wife, Avril, delivered ice-cream and skippered a fishing boat before moving to Ireland where he now works as a security officer for a retail group.

It’s a long way from having big budgets, handling large staff and even arranging the security for the visit of a US president.

He and Avril live in a refurbished cottage near Kilrush, Co Clare, where the commute to work takes about five minutes.

“There is no career path any more. You have this job. Of course, it is frustrating, but on the other hand I can now have a life. I have a job.

“Once you buy your own place and you have a house, then you make peace with that. As long as I can afford to pay the bills and we can live in safety and with the friends we have made around us, I am happy with that.”

He still has fond memories of Robben Island, a World Heritage Site which he found an idyllic place to live. Although Mandela had been transferred to a mainland prison by the time Brand started working there in December 1990, there were still almost 300 political prisoners imprisoned on the island.

“They were all from banned organisations at the time: the ANC, the PAC, the BCM, all these organisations. And we dealt with hunger strikes day after day, and with visits from the International Red Cross and visits from lawyers and all the support that these people were getting to get them out of prison.

“Once Mandela was released the pressure just kept on coming, ‘Why don’t the others get amnesty, why can’t they be released?’ So it filtered down.”

The pressure for political prisoners to be freed continued through 1990 and, by March 1991, only a handful of prisoners remained on Robben Island.

“We used to get calls late at night from the officers of the minister of justice, saying that we have to fill out the documents for the release of the following prisoners for the next day. I had stacks and stacks of files in my office of these guys.

“You then had to write the unconditional immediate release of the prisoner is recommended as he is no longer seen as a danger to the community, and sign . So I signed about 270 of theses releases.”

After the prison was closed, he and Avril worked alongside some of the former political prisoners and received visitors from around the world during this period of transformation before they both decided to move on with their lives.

“I was in charge of safety, security and basically running the infrastructure. We worked for the ANC for two years. We were appointed permanently by them,” he says.

While there he met Nelson Mandela on a number of occasions and has his own experience of the former Robben Island prisoner’s remarkable memory.

“He came on one of his visits to the island when I was still a captain. And then about a year or so later he came back again and I had been promoted in the meantime. He walked in, he was surrounded by people from everywhere.

“He walked straight up to me, he shook my hand and he said, ‘Congratulations Major Brand, I see that you have been promoted’. After meeting millions of people, he is now the celebrity of the world and he still remembers you.”

Brand also met dozens of high profile visitors from around the world, including Bono, Muhammad Ali, Bill Cosby and the late Yasser Arafat and Michael Jackson. In 2006, he was the South African liaison officer for arranging security for former US president Bill Clinton’s visit in 1998 for which he received a certificate from the CIA.

He and Avril had a few years of uncertainty in South Africa after leaving Robben Island. They set up a restaurant together in an area on the west coast which they thought might develop a tourism industry.

“I learnt to make pizzas, steaks and we ran it ourselves. Avril, myself and our daughter, Liezel, who had just finished school.

“We thought the potential for tourism would come in the years to come. After about a year or two, we realised there was just not enough feet through the door. So I tried to supplement the income of the restaurant by doing other jobs as well.”

Finding work continually proved difficult, while rising crime levels made them feel increasingly insecure, and when Brand saw security positions being offered in a country whose location he was unsure of, he decided to give it a go.

“I saw in a Sunday newspaper, a small advertisement. It just read, ‘Security work in Ireland’. I thought I will take the chance and send my CV away once more. We sent it on the internet and a few weeks later we got an e-mail back.”

He worked in Dublin for six months in 2003 before suggesting to Avril that she should sell their restaurant and internet business in South Africa and join him.

“When Avril came over we started to use public transport. My goodness. It is safe to get on a train or bus and go somewhere without being robbed.

“We used to go to Malahide and everywhere. It was so nice to be able to feel safe.”

The high cost of living in Dublin convinced them to transfer to Ennis, Co Clare, and last year Brand moved to a store in Kilrush.

“We bought an old second-hand car and started to explore Clare. And there are very many roads in Clare that we have not travelled on. We used to drive all over – every day that I was off we went to a different place. And it is beautiful. We love it.”

The South Africa he misses is no longer there, he says.

“We went back there in March for two weeks on a holiday. And when we came back I was physically home sick. There was nothing right in Ireland for at least a month till I realised why I left South Africa. It is not that I have a problem with the black government because they are a black government or a majority government. That is not what changed South Africa.

“What’s changed in South Africa is the corruption, the way that there is no more true discipline. Things are falling apart and because of that crime has got of control.” - Irish Times

African farming

No wonder they need our farmers. Great big effing YUK!!!

video

Off topic: Russian Billionaire Blows $52,000 on Lunch!

Most people don't make $52,000 in a year -- but Friday afternoon one Russian billionaire dropped that much cash on LUNCH!

TMZ has obtained the bill handed to Chelsea Football Club owner Roman Abramovich after lunch at Nello's in New York -- a bill which totalled a ridiculous $47,221.09.

The check had an automatic gratuity of 20% -- $7,328 -- but we're told the party threw down an extra $5,000, bringing the tip to 26%.

We're told there were 10 people at the table, who feasted on white truffles, fillet mignon and a whole lotta uber-pricey wine.

I have a nightmare..

In a democracy, talking and openly debating a problem is a normal encouraged process that strengthens our society. This is how democracy performs its magic and ensures power is in the hands of governments who are held accountable for their actions through open debate. Look at the BBC as a prime example, they stood up in the face of huge public protest and invited Nick Griffin the leader of the right wing BNP party to openly debate their opinions and party ideologies in a media forum. All the BBC was doing was providing a platform for democracy to unfold and take care of what it deems as undemocratic in nature.

In South Africa we have an undemocratic problem called Julius Malema, and our democracy needs to look at this individual and his intentions with suspicion and doubt. All the media critics out there saying that the media makes him stronger by publishing his statements are ignorant of the fact that if we allow this man to go on unchallenged he will become a nightmare for all of us, including those who think he will be their liberator. Any extremist view in the hands of a youth leader is a recipe of disaster and can have a damaging effect on the youth's perceptions. The media has the power to expose the true nature and intensions of the darker side of Julius Malema.

The man is so full of hot air that it is making him swell up to near bursting proportions. His recent attack and threat on Nedbank for withdrawing sponsorship from ASA is a fine illustration of his psychosis and Nedbank to even consider engaging with him and cow tow to his demands is a mistake. They have every right to withdraw sponsorship if the sponsorships contractual obligations were not being met by ASA, and it is no business of Malema what Nedbank decides to do with their money unless he is a director or shareholder.

Who does he think he is?

Why this troubled soul hasn't been silenced by government yet is beyond my comprehension, his impaired cognitive abilities are so transparent and embarrassing that we are somehow drawn to this stupendous display of irrationality. The only reason I can think of is
that the ANC silently supports and condones his racially motivated comments, constant provocation of opposition leaders and call for mass action and other revolutionary babble. What does he know about revolution and the struggle? His biggest struggle was probably passing matric and changing gears in his luxury Mercedes.

The ANC through distancing itself from Malema's statements is not taking responsibility for this rogue satellite clearly out of orbit. He is the leader of the ANC YOUTH LEAGUE and is therefore part and parcel of the ANC through their name sharing. His controversial statements are intended to strike a negative chord in the disenchanted young masses and work them into a frenzy. Instead of having a leader that talks about dignity, respect for others and the acceptance of cultural diversity we have someone polluting young impressionable minds with talk of revolution, kill for your beliefs and mass action. Anyway you look at it; his message is filled with hatred and anarchy, produced in a troubled mind hell bent on power and privilege through mobilisation and 16th century tribalism.

All this talk about nationalising the mines for the people is another case of how Malema is trying to con the masses into believing it will enrich them. One thing the ANC are good at is enriching a few elite at the expense of everyone else. How on earth are we going to nationalise the mines and attract investors at the same time? This is paramount to economic suicide and will spell the beginning of the end of the republic.

If the ANC can't even manage Eskom properly how on earth are they going to manage our mines? If anything, we need to increase privatisation so our parastatals mired in mediocrity will pull themselves out of the doldrums. Mediocrity is a nasty by-product of nationalism, and a reason why Nationalist policies have achieved very little success in developing countries. It has been the chief catalyst in perpetuating the cycle of poverty, widespread corruption and the mismanagement of services and a collapse in infrastructure. When companies are not held accountable, the medium for incompetence is created and an attitude of tolerance of failure and outright stupidity becomes the norm. One needs only to look at SAA or Eskom for proof in the failure of nationalism.

The best leader

The ANCYL as it currently exists under Malema is an embarrassment to the hard fought freedom of this country. It is clearly
a product of the spoilt black youth and their misguided belief in entitlement and lack of understanding of the term struggle and wealth creation. You need to understand the value of money before you can create wealth.

Malema should be given clear roles and responsibilities that will keep him busy because he clearly has way too much time on his hands. He has an ill informed remark about everything, and those comments are usually saturated in ignorance and arrogance. Look at his comments about the word for hermaphrodite in Pedi or Ms Naledi Pandor's "American accent" to name a few on a very long list.

We are the laughing stock of the world, with Zuma's fat little Goebbels taking the main stage in this comedy of tactless errors. Is this what we voted for in 1994? Is this the best future leader in the ANC junior ranks? If he is then I am disappointed and highly concerned to say the least and the rest of civilised South Africa should feel let down and betrayed by the ANC's promises for the future. - Wayne G, News24

You picked on the wrong news network, Obama

Ahem... All not so quiet on the cable front

By
Dennis Miller



Who'd have thought that the heretofore ubermeek Obama administration would attempt the first surge of its tremulous tenure against my Fox News Network? As every demented B-lister in a leopard skin fez and a doorman's outfit from the Plaza Hotel steps up to the psychotic speaker's corner to tear the Great Satan (uh, that would be us) a new one, our guy has been loathe to return rhetorical fire for fear of stepping on any sandaled toes.

But Fox News? That's another story. That's a sitter at the net for the quasimystical LOTUS POTUS. With the mainstream (downstream?) media more in his pocket than a grizzled train conductor's pocket watch, he had to look far and wide for a news organization that had not signed a 5 W's abrogation/suicide pact with David Axelrod. And there stood Fox, still skeptical of public officials and under the stellar rein of Brit Hume, still skilled in the ways of good old-fashioned "Woodstein" shoe leather journalism.

As The New York Times scribes stand fawning behind the sawhorses placed beneath Ringo-bama's top-floor window hoping for some acknowledgment, a glimpse, a smile, a hanky, something, anything!!!!! to drift down from the Great One's penthouse, Fox continues to grind. As the Secret Service actually contemplates filing a restraining order against some of BO's more amped-up devotees in the liberal press, Shep, Chris Wallace and the boys loom, eyebrows raised higher than a Rastafarian at a Phish concert.

Listen, I don't believe President Obama to be anything other than a patriot. I don't think of him as evil, malevolent, Machiavellian or subversive. None of the above. And I most definitely don't think of him as (oh my God!) my black president. He's my president, pure and simple, so please fold the race card back into the deck if your intent at the end of this column was to post a comment trying to Oddjob my carotid artery out with that tired old ploy. What I do think is that the president is just plain wrong in his approach to Fox. I not only think he is wrong, but as we say in the comedian trade, I think he has a "premise problem."

In his rush to humble America in the eyes of the world, he strives to placate every mook coming down the midway with a bullied nation in their hip pocket and in turn supplant them in the villain column with a national news agency whose most egregious error would appear to be not swooning every time he opens his "wiser than thou" piehole to speak in encyclical.

What's wrong with this picture? The waiting room outside Dr. Obama's Snake Oil Emporium is populated by the likes of General McChrystal, the Dalai Lama and Fox News, meanwhile Kadaffi, Chavez and Aqua-velvajad are walking around backstage with All-Access laminates. Not since Lana Turner hooked up with Johnny Stompanato has a great star exhibited such poor taste in men.

Obama's play is to downsize as far as American chest-thumping goes. I happen to believe we have oodles to be proud of, he feels the nation would be better off as the lion that squeaked. But if in lieu of engaging our actual enemies, he believes he'd rather pick a fight with a straw man, he has definitely misidentified the Obi-Wan Kenobi of Fox News, Roger Ailes.

You see, a straw man is a straw man because he usually has no spine. Ailes has a spine made of a substance that they use to cut titanium. Ailes makes Rahm Emanuel look like an Amish Lamaze instructor and if they're gonna lock antlers with Ailes, they'd best wear a cup.

Gotta go now. Gibbs (that's Sgt. Shultz to you) is coming to the podium and I anticipate a little incoming. Just gonna have to dig my Fox-hole a smidge deeper tonight. "The horror ... the horror."

Comedian and commentator extraordinaire Dennis Miller appears regularly in the "Miller Time" segment of "The O'Reilly Factor "on Fox News, as well as his own daily talk radio show heard on more than 250 stations across the country.

Tribute to the Rhodesian Defence Force

Yesterday I posted a tribute to our fighting forces which were the best in Africa but you cannot overlook our Rhodesian cousins which were also undoubtedly some of the toughest fighters you could ever encounter. If only there had been leaders in South Africa and the West with foresight that understood the importance of preserving Rhodesia and South Africa - for the benefit of the two countries in question and Africa as a whole, a beachhead of progress and civilization. Instead what we have is a rotten Africa in toto.



March of the Titans - A History of the White Race - Chapter 54 Part II

Chapter 54 Part II from a book titled March of the Titans - A History of the White Race by Arthur Kemp. The book can be purchased by clicking here.

Click to go to Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 5(Part I), 5(Part II), 5(Part III), 5(Part IV), 5(Part V), 6(Part I), 6(Part II) (A), 6(Part II)(B), 6(Part III), 7, 8(Part I), 8(Part II), 8(Part III), 8(Part IV), 8(Part V), 8(Appendix 4), 8(Appendix 3 Gallery 1+2), 8(Appendix 3 Gallery 3), 8(Appendix 3 Gallery 4), Chapter 8 Appendix 2 Part 7, 9, 10, 11, 12(Part I), 12(Part II), 13, 14, 15, 16, 17(Part I), 17(Part II), 18, 19, 20, 21, 22(Part I), 22(Part II), 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28(Part I), 28(Part II), 28(Part III), 28(Part IV), 29, 30, 31, 32, 33(Part I), 33 (Part II), 34(Part I), 34(Part II), 35, 36(Part I), 36(Part II), 36(Part III), 36(Part IV), 37, 38, 39(Part I), 39(Part II), 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53(Part I), 53(Part II), 54(Part I).

Upload the full book from Scribd here. Click images to enlarge if necessary.

The book details the complete and comprehensive history of the White Race, spanning 350 centuries of tumultuous events. This is their incredible story - of vast visions, empires, achievements, triumphs against staggering odds, reckless blunders, crushing defeats and stupendous struggles. Most importantly of all, revealed in this work is the one true cause of the rise and fall of the world’s greatest empires - that all civilizations rise and fall according to their racial homogeneity and nothing else - a nation can survive wars, defeats, natural catastrophes, but not racial dissolution. This is a revolutionary new view of history and of the causes of the crisis facing modern Western Civilization, which will permanently change your understanding of history, race and society.


Chapter 54 Part II - Immigration and Eugenics - America Until 1945

Blacks in America 1870 - 1945

The history of America's Blacks from the time of the end of the Reconstruction period to the end of the Second World War is marked by three main phases: first a period of intense disenfranchisement, then a period of segregation, and then a wave of serious race riots which threatened at one stage to erupt into open race war in the largest American cities.

Disenfranchisement

The disenfranchisement process was started by the White Southern Democrat state governments when they introduced literacy tests in order to obtain qualified voters rolls. Although this process excluded a number of Whites, the hardest hit were the Blacks.

In this way, the number of Black voters in Mississippi before 1890, stood at about 190,000; by 1898, this had been reduced by a simple literacy test to just a few thousand. In virtually every state a similar process was followed: in 1896, there were 130,344 Blacks registered to vote in Louisiana; by 1900, the new Louisiana constitution had reduced that number to 5320.

Only 3000 Blacks in Alabama were registered to vote out of the more than 180,000 black men of voting age in 1900.

The flip side to this policy - an aspect which is never raised because it is politically incorrect to do so - is that these figures serve as a stark reminder of the level of education of the American Black population; this combined with the fact that illiterate Whites, also numbering in their thousands, were also discriminated against in exactly the same fashion, gave the state governments the ammunition to make the policy publicly justifiable at the time.

Separate but Equal

The Southern Democrat state governments also implemented a program of segregation. Finally a railway coach segregation issue was taken to the US Supreme Court in 1896. In a famous decision known as Plessy v. Ferguson, the court approved separate public facilities for Blacks, holding that "separate but equal" accommodations were constitutional. The Plessy doctrine provided constitutional protection for segregation for the next 50 years.

After 1900 the legislation enforcing segregation was carried to new heights:

• a 1914 Louisiana statute required separate entrances at circuses for Blacks and Whites;

• a 1915 Oklahoma law segregated telephone booths;

• a 1920 Mississippi law made it a crime to advocate or publish "arguments or suggestions in favor of social equality or of intermarriage between Whites and Negroes."

• Arkansas provided for segregation at race tracks;

• Texas prohibited integrated boxing matches;

• All states had segregated schools; and

• All states prohibited mixed race marriages.

Segregation was not, as is commonly believed, restricted to the South. In 1910, the northern city of Baltimore in Maryland became the first city in America to officially delineate separate Black and White suburbs, and was followed by Dallas, Texas, Greensboro, North Carolina, Louisville, Kentucky, Norfolk, Virginia, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Richmond, Virginia, Roanoke, Virginia, and St. Louis, Missouri.

The policy of segregation was carried out at the highest level: when Woodrow Wilson became president in 1913, the first action he took upon arriving in Washington DC, was to order the segregation of all federal facilities in the American capital.

Race Riots

American society was almost torn apart from the south to the north in a series of race riots which were the most serious racial disturbances since the Reconstruction period, and would only be surpassed by the race riots of the 1960s and 1980s in that country.

The primary cause of the race riots was usually the result of a particular incident, most often a criminal act by members of one or another of the races. However, the sheer fact that such incidents could spark off massive riots was by itself an indication of the underlying racial tensions which boiled underneath the society at the time.

• 1898: Several Blacks and Whites die in racial riots in Wilmington, North Carolina;

• 1906: In a repeat of the incident in Wilmington, dozens of Blacks and Whites are killed in several days racial rioting in Atlanta, Georgia;

• 1908: A race riot occurs in Springfield, Illinois, the home of Abraham Lincoln. Two vicious Black on White murders spark off a White riot during which a White crowd kills two Blacks and burns down a crime infested Black suburb known as the "Badlands."

• 1917: A race riot occurs in St. Louis, Illinois; some 40 people, mainly Blacks, are killed in the violence;

• 1917: A Black army battalion goes amok in Houston, using firearms against White civilians. Two Blacks and eleven Whites are killed in the fighting. Some 63 Black soldiers are court marshaled and thirteen are hanged as a result;

• 1918: A Black riot in Chester, Pennsylvania, spreads out to attack White passersby: two Whites are killed and three Blacks are shot by police;

• 1918: The riot in Chester spreads to Philadelphia in Pennsylvania. One White is killed and three Blacks are shot by police;

• 1919: The first of the infamous "Red Summer" race riots occur. Eventually 26 different riots take place between April and October. These included disturbances in the following areas:

• May - Charleston, South Carolina;

• July - Gregg and Longview counties, Texas;

• July - Washington, D. C.;

• July - Chicago; this was the worst of the 1919 riots. Sparked off when some Whites threw a few stones at a Black swimming in Lake Michigan; the Black swimmer subsequently drowned. The police refused to arrest the stone throwers as there was no link between the stone throwing and the drowning. Dissatisfied, a Black mob then went on a rampage in Chicago for several days, resulting in 38 deaths;

• July - Knoxville, Tennessee;

• July - Omaha, Nebraska;

• October 1-3 - Elaine and Phillips counties, Alabama;

• 1921: In June, a serious race riot occurs in Tulsa, Oklahoma, involving Whites and Blacks: 21 Whites and 60 Blacks are killed;

• 1943: Conflicts over housing and jobs develop between Black and White workers, breaking out into open racial conflict in Detroit, resulting in the deaths of 25 Blacks and nine Whites before federal troops restore order.


Below left: A tram on fire in central Detroit, 1943, set alight during the Black riots in that city. Below right: Police make some arrests in Detroit, 1943.



The Chinese in America

During the last quarter of the 19th Century, as the railways expanded down through California, increasing numbers of Chinese laborers were imported to the state from the Far East by the railway companies, knowing that they could be paid less than White laborers in California itself. This led to a considerable amount of discontent amongst White workers in California, especially when it became obvious that the Chinese laborers were seriously affecting the unemployment rate amongst Whites.

Under the fiery leadership of the Irish born laborer Denis Kearney, White workers formed the Workingmen's Party of California in 1877: shortly thereafter a number of anti-Chinese riots took place. The Workingmen's Party attracted sufficient electoral support to ensure that California passed laws limiting the number of Chinese allowed into the state. This was followed in 1880, by the US Congress passing a law regulating Chinese immigration - and in 1882, the US Congress banned all Chinese immigration for ten years.

The Japanese in America

Japanese laborers had also initially been drawn to the California labor market, as had the Chinese. Continued Asian immigration led the San Francisco Board of Education to announce that Japanese students would have to attend a Chinese school, along with Korean children, as from 1906.

The Japanese government protested - not at its citizens being segregated from Whites, but for being put together with the Chinese and Koreans - and the matter caused an international incident between the two countries. President Theodore Roosevelt managed to persuade the San Francisco board to reverse their policy decision; in exchange he entered into a "gentleman's agreement" on immigration between Japan and America which effectively stopped most Japanese immigration.

Webb Act of 1913

Concern at rising levels of Asian immigration caused the government of the state of California (to where many Japanese immigrants were aiming) to pass the Webb Act in 1913, by which Japanese as a race were denied the right to acquire land or long leaseholds in that state. Japan protested that this act violated rights given it by treaty with the national government, but the federal government disclaimed the power to interfere with state laws such as the act in question.

Finally in 1924, Asian immigration was stopped entirely. A California law, which was still in force in the 1940s, authorized the segregation in the public schools of children of Japanese, Chinese, Indian, and South or Southeast Asian ancestry.

All Japanese Interned

As World War Two approached, anti-Japanese feelings increased further. When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, on 7 December 1941, plans were made to prevent the activities of a suspected fifth column inside the 112,000 strong Japanese population in California - of whom only 70,000 were American citizens. On 19 February 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which ordered the arrest and transportation of all 112,000 Japanese in America to concentration camps in the Midwest.

Eugenics

During the last part of the 19th Century and the early part of the 20th Century, America became the world's center for racial science. By the time that Theodore Roosevelt became president of America in 1913, and lasting right until the beginning of the Second World War in 1939, explicitly racial policies were followed by virtually all American presidents.

When D.W. Griffith's classic 1915 film, Birth of a Nation, which told the story of the Reconstruction period and the rise of the original Ku Klux Klan, was publicly praised by American president Woodrow Wilson, the film was an immediate hit, with audiences all over America flocking to see the epic.

Madison Grant

The chief racial theorist at the time in America was Madison Grant (1865-1937) who counted amongst his personal friends at least two American presidents. Grant wrote two of the most influential works of American racialism: The Passing of the Great Race (1916) and The Conquest of a Continent (1933). In both these books Grant expounded on racial anthropology and the need for eugenics - or racial improvement by selective breeding (in the same way that specific breeds of animals are reared).

In his book, The Passing of the Great Race, Grant called for a halt to non-White immigration into the United States. The book was an international best seller, being favorably reviewed by Science, the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and numerous other equally influential publications.

Sterilization Laws

Grant's work sparked off a wave of research into race in America: by 1921, at least eight other major works had been published - all overnight successes, and all proposing eugenics and a ban on non-White immigration. By 1921, the effect of all these works had filtered down into society: twenty-four states passed laws encouraging sterilization of those who were retarded, insane, or had criminal records.

Lothrop Stoddard

American president Warren G. Harding, publicly praised eugenicist Lothrop Stoddard's book, The Rising Tide of Color, at a public speech on 26 October 1922; this was followed the same year by the appointment of one of Grant's compatriots, Harry Laughlin, as an expert witness on eugenics and racial differences in IQ (as had been measured in the U.S. military) by the U.S. Congress Subcommittee on Immigration.

1924 Immigration Law

A huge wave of immigrants to the United States occurred between the 1840s and the 1920s. During this era, approximately 37 million immigrants arrived in the United States. Census figures indicate that about 6 million Germans, 4.5 million Irish, 4.75 million Italians, 4.2 million people from England, Scotland and Wales, approximately the same number from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 2.3 million Scandinavians, and 3.3 million people from Russia and the Baltic states entered the United States.

Between the 1840s and the 1870s, Germans and Irish groups predominated. Between 1854 and 1892, more Germans arrived in any given year than any other ethnic group, except for three years when the Irish predominated.

Starting in 1880 however, the waves of immigrants started to come increasingly from Eastern Europe: millions of Eastern European Jews and Southern Europeans, all considerably "darker" than the original White settlers in America who had all virtually exclusively come from the Nordic sub-racial dominated countries of Northern and Western Europe.

The influx of Southern Europeans, in particular, was opposed by the American eugenicists, and became the subject of much work and investigation. The end result of this work, combined with the earlier investigations and evidence by Harry Laughlin, produced the 1924 Immigration law. In 1924, the overwhelming majority of scientific opinion put before the Congress led to the Johnson Act of 1924, which cut down to little less than a tiny trickle the number of immigrants into America, limiting those who did enter to those of specific Northern and Western European ancestry only.

This law remained in force until 1965. Grant was acknowledged as the father of these immigration laws; and he went on to found the American Eugenics Society with Laughlin, the U.S. Congress appointed eugenics advisor.

First World Eugenics Conference

The science of eugenics became international: the First World Eugenics Congress was held in London in 1912. The later British prime minister, Winston Churchill, was one of the official sponsors, with the then British prime minister, Arthur Balfour, delivering the inaugural address.

Second World Eugenics Congress

The Second Eugenics Congress was hosted by the American Museum of Natural History in New York, with more than 300 delegates from all over the world - except Germany, as that country was still ostracized after the First World War. The guest list was impressive: including the future American President Herbert Hoover and the scientific genius Alexander Graham Bell, who was also the Congress's honorary president, amongst many others.

Third World Eugenics Congress

The Third World Eugenics Congress - and the last - was held at the American Museum of Natural History in New York again in 1932, where prominent attendees included Dr. J. Harvey-Kellogg (from Kellogg's cereals) and Leonard Darwin, son of Charles Darwin, the developer of the theory of evolution.

The Suppression of American Eugenics

Grant's second major work then appeared in 1933:The Conquest of a Continent, detailing the racial make-up of the United States and warning that racial integration would cause modern America to disappear. The book, published by the well known Scribner and Sons publishing house, became the focus of a boycott organized mainly by the Jewish Anti-Defamation League.

This occurred despite Grant making no specific remarks about Jews in the book: but by this time the Nazi Party had come to power in Germany and the American racialist movement was to a large extent held responsible for helping to prepare the scientific background to Nazi policy, and as such the propaganda mills were turned against Grant as much as they were turned against the Nazis.

Finally the Jewish anthropologist, Franz Boas, launched an all out campaign against eugenics. Combined with the propaganda linking Grant's work to the openly anti-Jewish Nazi government in Germany, fewer and fewer public figures were prepared to associate themselves with eugenics, and by the end of the Second World War the science had been successfully suppressed in America.

After World War II, the US Congress passed laws allowing those who had been persecuted under the Nazi occupation of Europe free entry into America: A minimum of 500,000 and very likely far more Jews and others streamed in under the Displaced Persons Acts of 1948 and 1950, and the Refugee Relief Act of 1953. The Asiatic Barred Zone was only lifted in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, which also for the first time allowed immigration from every country in the world.

The American Dream

Nonetheless, by the end of the Second World War the United States of America remained as racially divided as ever. Racial politics continued to set the agenda for all major policy developments: the American Dream was still aspired to by all, but only remained a reality for a few.